How do solar water pumps work, and what are their main applications?

A solar water pump system typically consists of a photovoltaic (PV) array, a solar pump inverter, and a water pump. The PV array captures sunlight and converts it into direct current (DC) electricity. The inverter then converts this DC power into alternating current (AC) to drive the pump. A key technology in this process is Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), which allows the inverter to adjust the output in real time based on sunlight intensity to maximize efficiency. These systems are widely used for domestic water supply, agricultural irrigation, livestock watering, and even sewage treatment projects. They are particularly valuable in remote areas where electricity is scarce, offering a low-carbon and cost-effective solution.